Lesson Eighty-Four : This and This and This /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Welcome to Capitulum Octāvum. Let’s begin with the chapter title : Taberna Rōmāna.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 54.

The illustration at the chapter’s start is of a Roman taberna together with its tabernārius, Albīnus. Quid est tabernārius? Tabernārius est is quī tabernam habet. Albīnus tabernam habet. Itaque Albīnus tabernārius est. Or, to put it another way, Albīnus tabernārius est quia tabernam habet.

What does a tabernārius sell? Different tabernāriī sell different things. With that in mind, try to deduce the meaning of the word aliī as you read. And, for that matter, the meanings of vēndit/vendunt and ōrnāmentum.

There are a few other new nouns illustrated in the margin. Use the images to deduce the meanings of gemma, margarīta, ānulus and līnea.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 54.

One last thing. In Lesson 81 we saw three words for this, each one used to refer to a singlular subject in a particular gender. Here is a quick refresher:

Hic saccus est magnus. This sack is big. When describing a singular masculine subject.

Haec rosa est magna. This rose is big. When describing a singular feminine subject.

Hoc mālum est magnum. This apple is big. When describing a singular neuter subject.

But Latin is a language of changing word endings, so there are FAR more forms of this than the three listed above. We’ll be meeting them gradually, beginning with the accūsātīvus singulāris and ablātīvus singulāris of the feminine haec. See if you can deduce what they are as you complete today’s reading, then check your understanding at the end.

Now, READ Capitulum Octāvum, lines 1-10.

  • aliī…aliī : some…some

    vēndit/vēndunt : sells/sell (think vending machine)

    ōrnāmentum : ornament/piece of jewellery

  • accūsātīvus singulāris : hanc

    ablātīvus singulāris : hāc

Satis est. See you shortly.

Lesson Eighty-Three : Familia Mostrifica /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson is an entirely optional short story about a family of monsters. Familia Mostrifica uses the storyline, vocabulary and grammar of Capitulum Quintum and Capitulum Septimum to tell a story with a twist. Poor Muscus is upset when his sister teases him for having a beautiful nose!

Click on this link to open Familia Mostrifica in a new window. Click on the + in the top right corner of any picture to expand it. Now you can read the story using everything you have learnt..

by Anthony Gibbins

Satis est. See you soon.

Lesson Eighty-Two : Cui? /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savēte, sodālēs.

There is just one last thing we need to cover before we complete Capitulum Septimum, the question word and relative pronoun cui.

Mārcus rosam Iūliae dat. Cui rosam dat? Iūliae rosam dat. Marcus is giving a rose to Julia. Who is he giving a rose to? He is giving a rose to Julia.

Mārcus rosam Quīntō dat. Cui rosam dat? Quintō rosam dat. Marcus is giving a rose to Quintus. Who is he giving a rose to? He is giving a rose to Quintus.

Cui is datīvus singulāris and is the same for all three genders.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda. Donum, by the way, means gift.

Cui is also the datīvus singulāris relative pronoun.

Puella cui Mārcus rosam dat est Iūlia. The girl to whom Marcus is giving a rose is Julia.

Puer cui Mārcus rosam dat est Quintus. The boy to whom Marcus is giving a rose is Quintus.

The plurālis form of cui will be introduced in a future chapter.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 101-104. Congratulations! You have completed Capitulum Septimum.

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Eighty-One : Exit /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

It is quite common for Latin verbs to take prefixes that refine their meaning. We have seen est/sunt become adest/adsunt, abest/absunt and inest/insunt. We have also seen venit/veniunt become advenit/adveniunt. It/eunt can also take a range of prefixes. Below you will see adit/adeunt goes to, abit/abeunt goes away and exit/exeunt goes out. In today’s reading we will meet exit/exeunt.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Today’s reading also introduces us to three forms of the word for this. These forms (Hic, haec and hoc) are used when referring to singular subjects of the three genders. More forms will the introduced in later chapters.

Hic saccus est magnus. This sack is big.When describing a singular masculine subject.

Haec rosa est magna. This rose is big. When describing a singular feminine subject.

Hoc mālum est magnum. This apple is big. When describing a singular neuter subject.

Finally, we meet the Datīvus Plūrālis for nouns that end in -a, and find that it is the same as for nouns that end in -us. Dominus māla ancillīs et servīs dat. The master gives apples to the enslaved women and to the enslaved men.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 80-100. Remember that eī means to her/to him/to it and eīs means to them. In line 84 eī refers to Julius. In line 96, eī refers to Julia. In line 99 eīs refers to the enslaved women, Syra and Delia.

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Eighty : Go! /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

PLEASE NOTE : When I first published Lesson 78 I failed to make mention of two things : neque…neque and nōn sōlum…sed etiam. Both of these expressions will come up in today’s reading. If they trouble you, you may wish to revisit Lesson 78, where this has now been added. I will remove this notice is a few days. Now, on with Lesson 80.

Back in Lesson 62 we met the irregular verb it/eunt. It is similar to the English word go, expressing movement without specifying the method or manner. Mēdus ā villā Romam it. Medus is going from the villa to Rome.

In today’s reading we will meet the imperative of it/eunt. These are the forms you use to tell somebody to go. To tell one person to go we say ī. To tell more than one person to go we say īte.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 50.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 72-79.

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Seventy-Nine : Run! /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savlēte, sodālēs.

Today we have a short lesson with a short reading. Let’s begin with the new verb currit/currunt, which is illustrated in the margin.

Fun fact : The imperative is named after the verb imperat/imperant order, which appears in today’s reading.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 50.

Now READ lines 64-71.

Satis est. See you soon!

Lesson Seventy-Eight : Datīvus Plūrālis /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In Lesson 77 we met the datīvus, and we saw that words that end in -us take an -ō ending when they are datīvus. Mārcus est puer bonus. Iūlius mālum Mārcō, suō fīliō, dat. Marcus is a good boy. Julius gives an apple to Marcus, his son. You will notice that this is the same ending as the ablātīvus. We must use both morphology (word endings) and context when we read: Iūlia est cum Mārcō in hortō. Iūlia mālum Mārcō dat.

In today’s lesson, we will meet the datīvus plūrālis, as Julius gives pears to his sons fīliīs suīs and apples and pears to his enslaved men servīs suīs.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 50.

In Lesson 77 we saw that eī is a pronoun that means to him/to her/to it. In today’s lesson we meet eīs/iīs, which both mean to them. (You can use either).

Iūlius pirum servō dat. Iulius gives a pear to the enslaved man.

Iūlius pirum eī dat. Iulius gives him a pear.

Iūlius pira servīs dat. Iulius gives pears to the enslaved men.

Iūlius pira eīs/iīs dat. Iulius gives them pears.

We also learn that an ōsculum is a kiss.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 50.

In Lesson 77 we saw that nouns that end in -a - like Aemilia - end in -ae in the datīvus. We will see that in action in today’s lesson, when Julius returns Aemilia’s kiss. Iūlius Aemiliae ōsculum dat.

Two more things. We are told in the margin that sōlum means the same as tantum. And that neque…neque is the opposite of et…et. As you are reading, try to deduce the means of neque…neque and nōn sōlum…sed etiam.

Now, READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 52-63.

  • et…et : both… and

    neque…neque : neither…nor

    nōn tantum…sed etiam : not only…but also

    nōn sōlum… sed etiam : not only… but also

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Seventy-Seven : Introducing Datīvus /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savlēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson introduces a new case. The datīvus is sometimes referred to as the ‘to/for’ case, for reasons that will become clear over time. For now, know that the datīvus is named after a new verb, dat/dant gives/give.

In the example below, Miranda is giving a rose to Claudia. Miranda is the subject and so nōminātīvus. Rosam is the object and so accūsātīvus. She is giving the rose to Claudia, and so Claudiae is datīvus. You have probably noticed that the datīvus has an ending that you’ve seen elsewhere. We have to rely on context to tell us that Claudiae is, in fact, datīvus.

If we express the same idea with a passive verb - A rose is being given to Claudia by Miranda. - rosa now becomes the nōminātīvus subject and the prepositional phrase ā Mirandā tells us that Miranda is the agent (see Lesson Seventy). The rose is still being given to Claudia, so Claudiae remains datīvus.

Just be mindful that Miranda giving a rose to Claudia is quite different from Miranda walking to/towards Claudia and so only one uses the datīvus and the other a prepositional phrase.

Miranda rosam Claudiae dat.

Miranda ad Claudiam ambulat.

So now you know that -ae is the datīvus ending for nouns like Claudia that end in -a. In today’s reading you will meet the datīvus ending of words that end in -us, like Mārcus, fīlius suus and Quīntus. As you are reading, try to deduce that ending.

You will also meet eī, which can mean to him, to her or to it depending on context. In today’s reading eī refers to Quintus.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 45-50.

  • to Marcus : Mārcō

    to his son : fīliō suō

    to Quīntus : Quīntō

Satis est. Please free free to post any questions in the comments. We will remain focused on the datīvus in our next lesson. See you then.

Lesson Seventy-Six : Plēnus mālōrum /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savlēte, sodālēs.

Our first new word is the adjective plēnus. The margin tells us that it means the opposite of vacuus.

Our second new word in the verb inest/insunt, which simply means is inside/are inside. Below is a table that summarises everything we know about the verb est/sunt and its ‘friends’.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Our third new word is the noun mālum, not to be confused with the adjective malus. And yes, a mālum malum is indeed a bad apple.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 49.

Our fourth and final new word is hic, not to be confused with hīc. Hīc means here, whereas hic means this or the one that is here (with me). Your book explains this in Latin.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 49.

Before you move on to the reading, let’s think about the genetīvus (the ‘of’ case). To date, we have seen two uses of the ‘of’ case:

Iūlius est dominus multōrum servōrum.

Numerus servōrum est centum.

Today, we add a third:

Hic saccus plēnus mālōrum est. This sack is full of apples.

Now, READ Capitulum Sextum, lines 38-44.

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Seventy-Five : Ōstiārius /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

There are two new words in today’s reading, the verb advenit/adveniunt and the noun ōstiārius.

The difference between venit/veniunt and advenit/adveniunt is best explained with an example.

Mārcus et Iūlia sunt in hortō. Mārcus Aemiliam vocat. Aemilia venit. Iūlia Iūlium vocat. Iūlius ad hortum advenit.

In truth, Aemilia advenit. and Iūlius ad hortum venit. are both perfectly good Latin sentences, but there is something pleasing about the sentences in the above example.

Ōstiārius is defined for us in the margin using only words which we have already met. I truely hope that you gain some satisfaction from learning the meaning of this new word without any recourse to another language.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 49.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 30-37.

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Seventy-Four : Nāsus Foedus /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savlēte, sodālēs.

In Lesson 73 we met the reflexive pronoun sē. Latin uses sē in a few places where English just assumes it. A good example is Iūlia sē vertit. Julia turns herself. In English we would just say Julia turns. or Julia turns around. Latin, however, is more precise on this occasion.

Immō is an interesting word. It is commonly used at the beginning of a sentence that contradicts what has come before it. Pay close attention to how it used in today’s reading.

A new verb, terget/tergent is introduced. Syra says to Julia, ‘Tergē oculōs!’ What might she be telling Julia to do? Terget, by the way, is the root word of ‘detergent’.

Lastly, we are introduced to the imperative forms of est/sunt. Of course, you are unlikely to just tell somebody to be. What is more likely is that you would tell them to be something. In the example below, a girl is telling these cats to be good. In the reading, what is Syra telling Julia to be?

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 20-29.

  • terget/tergent : wipe clean/wipe dry/cleanse

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Seventy-Three : The remarkable preposition 'in' /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Let’s begin with speculum, which is illustrated in the margin.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 48.


Next, let’s move on to sē. Sē is a great little reflexive pronoun that can mean herself, himself, itself and even themselves - it all depends on who or what the subject is.

Iūlia sē in speculō videt. Julia sees herself in a mirror.

Marcus sē in speculō videt. Marcus sees himself in a mirror.

Monstrum sē in speculō videt. A monster sees itself in a mirror.

Iūlia et Marcus et monstrum sē in speculō vident. Julia and Marcus and a monster see themselves in a mirror.

We have the new verbs aperit/aperiunt and claudit/claudunt. The margin tells us that they are opposites, and the text makes it clear that they are both things that you can do to an ostium door. Try to deduce their meaning as your enjoy today’s reading. Pāret/pārent means obeys/obey.

Fōrmōsus, we are told, means there same as pulcher.

Lastly, some remarkable news about the preposition in. We have been learning that all prepositions are followed by either an accūsātīvus (ad, ante, post, inter, prope, circum, apud, per) or an ablātīvus (in, cum, sine, ā/ab, ē/ex).

The remarkable preposition in, however, can be followed by either an ablātīvus or an accūsātīvus. So far, we have only seen it followed by an ablātīvus, in which case it meant in or on, depending on context. From today’s lesson, we will also see it followed by an accūsātīvus. Then it will mean into or onto.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

When in is followed by the accūsātīvus and means into it is the opposite of ē/ex.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 48.

Now READ Capitulum Septimum, lines 8-19.

  • aperit/aperiunt : opens/open

    claudit/claudunt : closes/close

Satis est. See you shortly.

Lesson Seventy-Two : Puella et Rosa /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today we begin Capitulum Septimum. The boys are waiting for Julius in front of the villa’s door, Aemilia is in the peristyle, and Julia - sadly - is in her room, upset at the unkind words of her brothers.

There are a handful of new words; exspectat/exspectant, illīc, tenet/tenent, lacrimat/lacrimant, oculus and lacrima.

Illīc - which means there - is a companion word to hīc here. In today’s reading it refers to the peristylum. Oculus and lacrima are illustrated in the margin, as is tenet. As for the other words, try to work deduce their meaning as you read.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 48.

Read Capitulum Septimun, lines 1-7.

  • exspectat/exspectant : is waiting for/are waiting for

    illīc : there

    tenet/tenent : is holding/are holding

    lacrimat/lacrimant : is crying/are crying (note the connection to the noun lacrima)

    oculus : eye

    lacrima : tear

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Seventy-One : In Viā /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson is an entirely optional short story set in the Star Wars Universe. If you have seen Return of the Jedi, you will know that Jabba is NOT a good guy. This story uses the vocabulary and grammar of Capitulum Sextum, but the story is quite different. The first two pages describe the towns and roads in the area. If you’d prefer to skip to the narrative on page 3, go ahead.

Click on this link to open In Viā in a new window. Click on the + in the top right corner of any picture to expand it. Now you can read the comic using everything you have learnt from Capitulum Sextum.

by Anthony Gibbins

Satis est. See you soon.

Lesson Seventy : Instrument and Agent /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In today’s lesson we will end our trilogy on passive verbs with a discussion of instruments and agents. To help us to understand instruments and agents better, let’s look at the four sentences below:

From Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Antōnius ostium pulsat. Antony knocks upon the door. We have seen plenty of sentences just like this one, with a subject in the nōminatīvus, an object in the accūsātīvus and an active verb.

Antōnius ostium baculō pulsat. Antony knocks upon the door with a stick. In this sentence, baculō plays the roie of instrument. It indicates the instrument with which Antony knocks upon the door. It is in the ablātīvus without a preposition. The verb in this sentence is active. In Capitulum Sextum we have seen other examples of an instrument with an active verb:

Dominus servōs malōs baculō verberat. The masters beats ‘bad’ enslaved men with a stick.

Mēdus viā Latīnā Tūsculõ Rõmam ambulat. Medus walks from Tusculum to Rome using the Via Latina.

Ostium baculō pulsātur. The door is knocked upon with a stick. The main difference between this sentence and the previous one is that the verb is passive. The instrument, on the other hand, works in exactly the same manner. In Capitulum Sextum we have seen other examples of an instrument with a passive verb:

Cornēlius nōn est fessus, nam is equō vehitur. Cornelius is not tired, as he is being carried by a horse.

Iūlius lectīcā vehitur. Julius îs being carried by a litter.

And in today’s reading…

Lydia verbīs Mēdī dēlectātur. Lydia is delighted by the words of Medus.

Ostium ab Antōniō pulsātur. The door is knocked upon by Antony. In this sentence, the passive verb pulsātur is accompanied by an agent. The agent, expressed by a prepositional phrase beginning with ā/ab, tells us by whom the passive verb is being performed. One difference between an agent and an instrument is that an agent will usually be a person and the instrument usually won’t be. Grammatically, agents can ONLY be used with passive verbs (not with active ones). In Capitulum Sextum we have seen many examples of an agent with a passive verb:

Saccus quem Syrus portat nōn tam magnus est quam saccus quī ā Lēandrõ portātur. The sack which Syrus is carrying is not as big as the sack which is being carried by Leander.

Dominus ā servō malō timētur. The master is feared by the ‘bad’ enslaved man.

It is now time to complete Capitulum Sextum. Julius is about to return home, where he will be greeted ab Aemiliā līberīsque laetīs. And Medus is about to arrive at the home of Lydia. READ lines 84-95.

Satis est. See you shortly.

Lesson Sixty-Nine : More on Passive Verbs /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In Lesson 68 we encountered our first passive verbs. We saw that -at/-ant verbs like portat/portant become passive through the edition of an -ur : portātur/portantur. And that -it/-unt verbs like vehit/vehunt do the same : vehitur/vehuntur.

This leaves the passive of -et/-ent and -it/-iunt verbs to be introduced in today’s reading. Examine the eight sentences illustrated below and their English translations. A rāna, as you will see, is a frog.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Indicātīvus Āctīvus

Cleopātra librum habet. Cleopatra has a book.

Cleopātra et Antōnius librōs habent. Cleopatra and Antonius have books.

Indicātīvus Passīvus

Liber ā Cleopātrā habētur. A book is had by Cleopatra.

Librī ā Cleopātrā habentur. Books are had by Cleopatra.

Indicātīvus Āctīvus

Cleopātra rānam audit. Cleopatra is listening to a frog.

Cleopātra et Antōnius rānam audiunt. Cleopatra and Antonius are listening to a frog.

Indicātīvus Passīvus

Rāna ā Cleopātrā audītur. A frog is being listened to by Cleopatra.

Rānae ā Cleopātrā audiuntur. Frogs are being listened to by Cleopatra.

It’s now time to meet our final preposition for Capitulum Sextum. This one is per, and it means through. Like all of the prepositions introduced in Capitulum Sextum, per is followed by the accūsātīvus.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 44.

Other than this, there is nothing new in today’s reading. And yet, it is probably our most challenging reading yet. For this reason, I will take three sentences that I think are particularly challenging and provide a translation of these at the end of the lesson. Just click to see the translation.

Now READ Capitulum Sextum, lines 72-83.

  • He who comes by the Via Latina enters Rome through the Capena Gate.

  • Medus is called to Rome by his friend, who is an attractive and upright woman.

  • But that which Medus sings is not heard by Lydia.

Satis est. Until next time.

Lesson Sixty-Eight : Passive Verbs /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson introduces passive verbs for the first time. We are accustomed to seeing active verbs like portat/portant and vehit/vehunt, but from now on we’ll also be seeing passive verbs like portātur/portantur and vehitur/vehuntur. Along with these new verb forms, we will be seeing the preposition ā/ab (from) used for a new and different purpose.

In today’s reading we will only see -at/-ant and -it/-unt verbs. Examine the eight sentences illustrated below and their English translations.. A statua, as you will see, is a statue.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Indicātīvus Āctīvus

Antōnius statuam portat. Antonius is carrying a statue.

Antōnius et Cleopātra statuās portant. Antonius and Cleopatra are carrying statues.

Indicātīvus Passīvus

Statua ab Antōniō portātur. A statue is being carried by Antony.

Statuae ab Antōniō portantur. Statues are being carried by Antony.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

Indicātīvus Āctīvus

Antōnius rosam carpit. Antonius is plucking a rose.

Antōnius et Cleopātra rosās carpunt. Antonius and Cleopatra are plucking roses.

Indicātīvus Passīvus

Rosa ab Antōniō carpitur. A rose is being plucked by Antony.

Rosae ab Antōniō carpuntur. Roses are being plucked by Antony.

Now read Capitulum Sextum, lines 60-71. Keep your eye out for these new -ur endings that make a verb passive. And do your best to deduce the meaning of the new adjective, fessus. Good luck!

  • fessus : tired

Satis est. See you next time.

Lesson Sixty-Seven : Cornēlius in equō est. /  by Anthony Gibbins

Savēte, sodālēs.

Way back in Capitulum Secundum we first met Cornēlius. Cornēlius est dominus Rōmānus et amīcus Iūliī. Well, Cornēlius is back and he’s on a horse. Equus pulcher est. The horse is beautiful. You are probably wondering to where (quō) and from where (unde) Cornēlius is going.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 43.

In the previous lesson you determined the Latin for:

in/at Tusculum :

in/at Rome :

from Tusculum :

to Rome :

During today’s reading, try to determine the Latin for:

from Rome :

to Tusculum :

Now, READ Capitulum Sextum, lines 52-59.

  • in/at Tusculum : Tūscilī

    in/at Rome : Rõmae

    from Tusculum : Tūsculō (ablātīvus)

    to Rome : Rōmam (accūsātīvus)

    from Rome : Rōmā (ablātīvus)

    to Tusculum : Tūsculum (accūsātīvus)

Satis est. See you again soon.

Lesson Sixty-Six : Ubi est Mēdus? /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

In today’s lesson, we return to Medus and discover where he going with the money he stole from Julius.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 44.

Grammatically, today and tomorrow’s readings are all about describing movement to and from Tūsculum and Rōma, as well as being in those places. Latin does a few strange things when you refer to a town or city by its name ONLY. As you read, try to determine the Latin for the following :

in/at Tusculum :

in/at Rome :

from Tusculum :

to Rome :

Now READ Capitulum Sextum, lines 46-51.

  • in/at Tusculum : Tūscilī

    in/at Rome : Rõmae

    from Tusculum : Tūsculō (ablātīvus)

    to Rome : Rōmam (accūsātīvus)

The margin provides a diagram that summarises all of this information nicely.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 43.

Satis est. Come back soon for the return of Cornelius, amīcus Iuliī.

Lesson Sixty-Five : cum Iūliō = apud Iūlium /  by Anthony Gibbins

Salvēte, sodālēs.

Today’s lesson is packed full of new material. Firstly, we meet yet another preposition - apud - that is followed by the accūsātīvus. The margin tells us that apud means the same thing as cum. Cum, however, is followed by the ablātīvus.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 43.

from Handy Latin Tables Pars Secunda

The adjective malus is introduced, with the explanation that it means the opposite of bonus. Which is great, because we were only told that bonus means the same as probus, which means the opposite of improbus, the meaning of which we deduced from a child’s behaviour.

from Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 43.

Autem means the same as sed, but the word order is different. Sed Davus servus bonus est. = Davus autem servus bonus est. I have to say, I don’t love these lines about a servus bonus and a servus malus not being amīcī but inimīcī. I’m not convinced of the historical accuracy of such a statement.

rom Lingua Latīna Per Sē Illustrāta, page 43.

This leaves you to deduce the meanings of nam, timet, itaque and autem. And finally, what do you think baculō means? This is the first time that you have seen an ablātīvus WITHOUT a preposition! As always, these questions will be answered after the reading.

Now READ Capitulum Sextum, lines 37-45.

  • nam : for/because

    timet/timent : fears/fear

    itaque : and so/therefore

    autem : but/however

    baculō : one of the uses of the ablātīvus is to express the object/instrument with which something is done. And so baculō means with a rod. But don’t confuse this with cum or apud, where with is about accompaniment, not use.

Satis est. Bye for now.